Pretending nothing is wrong in North Korea is a mistake. But if great power conflict is to be avoided, there are a few things that the U.S., China and South Korea must not do.
The announcement of Kim Jong-un as Supreme Commander of the Korean People’s Army is one more step in the process of Pyongyang’s efforts to consolidate power as quickly as possible after the sudden death of Kim Jong-il. It’s fairly certain that the proliferation of pronouncements and titles given to the young Kim are manifestations of a terribly rushed succession process. Something that they hoped could be done over the course of a decade or more has suddenly been set in motion.
Many Western analysts believe North Korea has been planning such a succession for a long time and they are therefore methodically carrying out the power transition step-by-step. I don’t think this is right.
The funeral for Kim Jong-il was carried out methodically because the regime had a blueprint from the 1994 death of Kim Il Sung. They have no blueprint for a rushed dynastic succession. They are making it up each day. Some argue that a “leadership by committee” should work in North Korea to compensate for the inexperience of the junior Kim. But never in the history of North Korea have they ever ruled through compromise within a committee. This would be a feasible outcome only if we completely discounted all past history and knowledge of the regime.
Some, meanwhile, say the leadership will survive because all the leaders within the system want to survive. We could have said the same thing about all the fallen leaders in the Arab Spring, and yet they didn’t.
Many analysts have pitched different theories about what may be happening inside the dark kingdom. And even more analysts have mused about what policies the United States, South Korea and China should be undertaking. For a start, some have said the U.S. and South Korea should have had better intelligence about the elder Kim’s state of health. Others, myself included, say that China will align itself even more closely to Pyongyang in order to effect a successful transition.
Because there’s so much uncertainty about the situation, it might be more useful to think about things that the United States, South Korea and China should not be doing. Often in international relations, the most likely cause of instability when clear information is absent is miscalculation on the part of different parties. So what must the parties avoid going forward?
First, the United States shouldn’t be treating the situation in North Korea as “normal.” An early State Department podium remark in the aftermath of Kim Jong-il’s death intimated that all was calm and that a leadership transition to Kim Jong-un was predictably underway. This was unhelpful on two counts. For a start, it implied that the United States had already recognized the young Kim as the new leader when others in the region, including allies, had not.
But it also gave the impression that Washington wasn’t treating the situation seriously and was distracted by other issues, such as the budget battle, the withdrawal from Iraq and starting Christmas vacations. Washington should also not assume that either Beijing or Seoul will remain in a wait-and-see mode with North Korea. China sees as much opportunity in the current vulnerability of North Korea as they see uncertainty. And for Seoul, there’s nothing that hits at the core interests of Koreans more than the opportunity for potential change in North Korea. South Korea is a stalwart ally, but this is about blood, not politics.
Second, China shouldn’t dismiss dialogue with South Korea and the United States about the evolving situation in the North. Thus far, China has reacted with typical closed-mindedness, revealing little information that it might have about Kim Jong-un and expressing unconditional support for the leadership transition. The South Korean six-party negotiator, Lim Sungnam, took the initiative to reach out to the Chinese in the aftermath of Kim’s death, and yet Beijing did little to take advantage of this diplomacy to enhance dialogue and build trust with Seoul.
This is unfortunate. Whatever China may see as its interests in North Korea, it won’t be able to achieve them without cooperation from Seoul and Washington. As Beijing continues to support the current leadership transition, it shouldn’t allow itself to be seen as an advocate of keeping the peninsula divided. Many posit that a “leadership-by-committee” is the likely direction of the post Kim Jong-il government. But never before in North Korea’s history of totalitarian, personality-cult leadership has anything like this been attempted. Should this fail, it would hurt Beijing’s long-term position in the region dramatically if it were seen as the last great power to support a divided Korea.
Finally, South Korea must avoid the temptation to act unilaterally. This is hard for Koreans to hear. After all, this is their peninsula, and while political flux in North Korea is a foreign policy issue for China and the United States, it’s about life and death for Koreans. But in every scenario game I have played on exactly this contingency, the spark for major power conflict in Korea has been South Korean unilateral actions that spark an action-reaction spiral between the United States and China.
This must be avoided at all costs. Seoul must also avoid Chinese efforts to use the current situation in the North to lure Seoul away from Washington. South Korea is in a vulnerable situation: it’s desperate for information about the situation in North Korea and the Chinese are the only ones who have eyes on the ground. Beijing may try to exploit this vulnerability and cut deals with Seoul without Washington.
This would be a grave mistake. Not because of the damage to the alliance, but because South Korean and Chinese interests are not in sync – China in the end doesn’t want to see a unified Korea; South Korea does. This can’t be forgotten and it informs all of Beijing’s policies to the two Koreas going forward.
In the weeks and months ahead, others will no doubt offer much advice on what governments should do. But with North Korea, remembering some important don’ts could be just as important.
Victor Cha is a professor at Georgetown University and Senior Adviser and Korea Chair at the Center for Strategic and International Studies. This is an edited version of an article that originally appeared at CSIS Pacnet.
Photo Credit: yeowatzup
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Matt
It is a defensive posture that is how it will stay. Sieze the nukes, chem, bio and a little EOD. That is it the defensive posture to deal with rouge units during the collapse that make contact. And keep the border sealed. It is the UN problem if they want send peacekeepers.
Bob Dillon
A rising symbol refines the fume. South Korea interferes! South Korea railroads a fatal punch. South Korea braves the bottle opposite the atheist. An insulting youth showers North Korea within a matrix.
Tea Tarik
China is keen for the two Korea to be united as one but She is worried of US exploitation of a united greater Korea against her.
So at the moment, she prefers maintaining the status quo.
In a couple of decades, when China becomes the preeminent economy and her defense and offense is more able to ward off US interference, she will welcomes unification on the Korean peninsula.
persistent spectator
Thank you Mock Tung for that analysis. I found it astonishing!
First, I wish we could approach India with good intentions and results. But it is not likely.
The rest would change history. I would very much like it if you would expound on your thesis.
Can you point out to me some relevant sites to visit? I would like to learn more of your point of view.
But, if it did indeed happen, I see no reason to sever any relations at all with China. I think most
Americans realize that China is the future. And not just of Asia.
Thanks
Jim
Mock Tung
It’s humbling, Jim, likes poor comment.. and according to Chinese history, they worshiping excellent strategist,mind readers,wisemen,liars,extremely cunning warlords always won at the end,in the beginning, much behaving attitude with moral culture,based on three teachings, taoism, confucius, buddhism..for example, USA,Japan,SKorea,Taiwan,Westerners have invested lots decades long, soon as soon as those factories,production line making progress,Chinese authority start demanding more restriction,through Chinese staffs,labour dispute,more money, etc. foreigners went in there for cheap labour, now they demand almost same as foreign country’s rate, haha..and real purpose is just to kick them out,bingo,once they learn how to operate,hmm, forcing foreign company go bankrupt, once move out, before long, Chinese authority call former Chinese staffs(trouble makers)to return and operating samething as before, but Chinese benefits, that’s how took over the assets,technology, and tons of patriotic Chinese came back to work, thus become a new Giant, beside, many Japanese companies lost tremendous losses, major blow to Japanese crises, naturally, they’ve become bitter rivals, enemies, S&N Korea are caught in between, even still, USA is no one super power, hopefully, Obama’s foresight might be right, re-entering Asia with better plan, for the sake of world stability…let’s see how new era shifting in the year of 2012..
R. L. Hails Sr. P. E.
The US, its allies, and China have acted on the axiom that North Korea is monolithic. Is this true? Is there no one in North Korea which the US can approach? Can a splinter faction be tested? The sole constant in North Korea has been a family dictatorial dynasty, and extreme poverty. Yet we have seen, in 2011, due to digital communication, a number of similar regimes which collapsed.
China faces a terrible problem; they are allied with a primitive, unstable, communist government wholly unlike modern China, which could go to war at any second against China’s largest customer, the USA. Moreover, China faces a real possibility of millions of starving refugees, overwhelming their border, due to civil unrest. What would happen to China’s economy if North Korea started an artillery barrage against Seoul? Can China be certain of their allies sane war policies? In their entire border with other nations, this boundary is the most unstable, and beyond their control. Example: What would happen if the US smuggled in food, communication, and small arms to dissident contacts?
China and the US have much to discuss, a stable peaceful North Korea.
Beir
Yang, I disagree. The S. Koreans have been South/Southeast Asian laborers, and if they are in charge of the whole Korean penn., The quality of life would increase radically for the Northerners.
If China is worried about the presence of American troops, the Chinese should assist the Southerners by invading North Korea with the South Koreans. I’m sure the entire world, including China, would benefit from ROK governance over the entire peninsula.
yang zi
China is not worried about US presence. China welcome US to stay in S. Korea forever, take over its defenses, spend 80% of S. Korea defense budget.
S. Korean ethno fasicism is a danger to east asia peace. It steals Chinese history and culture and claiming as their own. it thinks the Baitou Mountain is theirs, but in fact, the mountain is the ancestry land of Manchus.
Expert
@ Yang Zi
Yes, China is dead scared of the US military presence; this is why China is protesting the new permanent US marine base in Australia, thousands of miles away from China.
Now imagine a US airbase near Yalu river where hundreds of F-22 and F-35 jets are deployed, all able to reach Beijing in 40 minutes or less in stealth. This is the reason why China spends $3 billion a year to sustain Kim regime, because the Kim regime’s collapse would mean new US air and naval bases in what used to be North Korea.
Mok Tung
Let China move out from other cultures,Tibet,etc. China,always, steal history from Mongol(Yuen, Manchu(Ching, Korea(Chosun),Tibet,current China is from Canton, by cheating, invading, stealing neighbor countries,then changing the Chinese history, it has 56 different ethnics, 60 different languages,etc..CHINA should STOP stealing other brain works, cultures, history, products, etc. unfortunately, china will be like former soviet-union, soon, falling apart, according to many predictions!!
yang zi
It is true that the dynamic inside North Korea will be different. It right now is on the autopilot. No one dare to challenge the Kim family line. But things can change down the road, all depends on the skill of Kim Jung Un.
South Korea has no more right to North Korea than North to South. So cool it.
It is not a diplomatic oppurtunity for south Korea to ask information from China. China has nothing to share. North Korea is fiercely independent, they don’t tell anyone anything.
If South Korea want to cut a deal with China, it should lay off the claim to Chinese land, stop stealing Chinese history.
BTW, China should stop trading with South Korea, let US completely subdue South Korea, let it pay for US military cost related to S Korea, buy US weaponery. Other words, make S Korea like Japan and more.
Jenny Park
Are you sure you speak for CCP and China’s interest ? what would be like China today if there is no pouring capitals from South Korea, Japan and the West? You guys Chinese was desperately begging for investment in 80s and 90s, where China was dirt poor and backward now a little richer, stronger want to cut off the trade with the civilized world? I wish the CCP goes ahead and implement this policy to see how China ends up with. A beggar with a little money in pocket now turns into a thug bullying his neighbors to grab lands and sea. Don’t you know your dongbei and the whole Manchuria used to be Korean ancient land? Who is stealing our history here? I am glad to see Koreans, Japanese, Vietnamese , Philippines and the Americans work together to keep the greedy China in check. Speaking of North Korea issues, everyone knows that it is China, who keeps the two Koreas divided by propping up the most inhuman communist dynasty regime alive.
Mock Tung
Well said, Jenny P.. find out why Taiwanese want to be independent, swearing never will become PCP, Japan helped Taiwan more than China, and China has been begging to Japan, SKorea, USA, Europe.. now.. wow, many Briton admitting, UK should never return HK to china, it might take real tiny incident, like Arab uprising, to the end of China empire..watch out China!
John Chan
@Mock Tung,
Brits have no choice but to exit HK gracefully. If they tried to resist with force, they will give China the opportunity to pay back the dues it owes since the Opium War.
During the Culture Revolution, there were violent confronts between Chinese and Portuguese garrison in Macau. Portugal sent two destroyers to Macau for reinforcement, but they were turned back by two PLA torpedo boats, then Portugal withdrew its garrison, and the Portugal governor was only a figurehead afterwards until the return of Macau to China. Brits had no intention gone thru that process, because Deng told Margaret Thatcher he would send PLA over if Brits did not cooperate the handover.
As for the SK, the best path for it to take is to cooperate with China, once the USA leave Asia, it needs China to guarantee its existence against Japanese aggression.
yang zi
I think China should prop up N. Korea forever, just to stick it to S. Koreans like this Park.
yang zi
this editor is totally wrong.
While Park used words like begars, my civilized response was cut short. I was merely saying S. Koreans thinking Manchuria is theirs are insane.
China never need S. Korea money. Manchuria belongs to Manchus and China. S. Korea has some population come from some Chinese tribes, more of these tribes people became Chinese. but S. Koreans think these tribes land is its their homeland.
Think of Irish came to America, now Irish americans are claiming Iriland is part of America. this is how ridicules some S. Koreans are. at most you can say, some Koreans have ancestry root in China. which makes them more Chinese than Korean.
With this attitude, China should openly demand the clairification from S. Korea government, if no satisifactory answer is obtained, China should support N. Korea forever and give N. Korea a chance to unify Korea.
Mock Tung
yang zi, rep. for Chinese Communist Party,a Chinaman, educated in the west; just wait until US,UK,India,Japan,Germany,France,Australia,etc..will be united and cutting off the relationship with China, it’s a matter of time!
John Chan
@Mock Tung,
If you do not like yang zi’s comments, you can present your arguments to counter his comments with reasons and logic, readers will make the judgement. Making racist slur and ill wishes will not win you any points in a debate, it only reflects poorly on you and your nation.
Mike
“now Irish americans are claiming Iriland is part of America.”
This is not the right analogy to use for what S. Korean (fringe!) nationalists are calling for. In fact, it hurts your argument because of its absurdity.
Henry003
jenny, Jenny you take credit where credit is not due. After the TAM the western power, Japan, Korea boycott China. The only one that stick with China is the overseas Chinese. If you look the data from 1989-1995 almost 50% of investment come from Hongkong, 10% from Bahamas bank center( again most likely from overseas Chinese investment in south east asia because they like to disguise their investment.
Their money and expertise built China.Soon they outcompete the Japanese and Korean in consumer good and like they say if you cannot beat them join them in mid 90 Japan and Korea start to invest in China Even now the single largest investor is overseas Chinese.Taiwan alone invest 150 billion dollars
Now about Dongbei. in the 1 century there is There is small kingdom in North East China called Puyo Some of the prince move into Korean peninsula and one Chumong founded Koguryo kingdom. Puyo was latter destroyed by the Xianbei.Koguryo become strong and even beat Sui dynasty.They are heroic people. But they too were eventually destroyed by the Tang.After the destruction of Koguryo the Chinese carted off all the population of Koguryo and spread them all over China in order to prevent uprising again.
So this Koguryo disappear from history. Even the language is disappear
The people probably intermarry with north east Chinese
Yes at one time Koguryo own some of north east China . But the present Korean is coming from Koryeo and Koryeo again come from Silla a southern kingdom. It has no relation whatsoever with Koguryo
The only common bond between Goguryo and present day Korean are they both live in Korean peninsula.But Korean like to graft their history to this great Kingdom Koguryo
There are Korean live in Jilin province but they are descendant from refugee in 17th century famine in korea and latter refugee from Japanese occupation not from Koguryo time. The only thing left from Koguryo time just a Steele commemorating the king Gwaengetto
Incidentally the closest thing to Koguryo language is Old Japanese
So it is not right to say Korea own north east It is better to say that North east Chinese and Korea share a common history and blood. Because most of early Korean king are refugee from China
PeterDownUnder
The fall of Koguryo did not lead to the end of its history nor absorption in to the Sinosphere. The areas that were controlled by Koguryo was split by Silla and Balhae (Bohai) which arose in the Dongbei region. It was led by the old Koguryo aristocracy and a lower class of made up of the other ethnics such as the Mohe the ancestors of the Jurchens and Manchus. This period in Korean history is referred to as the North South period.
Balhaes part as Korean history can be seen from their reference to themselves as Koguryo in diplomatic relations with Japan at the time.
When Balhae fell to the ancestors of the Jurchens over 40,000 households of the aristocracy found refuge in Koryo who allowed the royal family to retain their Imperial last names also.
So what happened is with the fall of Koguryo two states formed both claiming to be the successor Balhae and Koryo. With the fall of Balhae majority of its people migrated south to Koryo. This ends the Korean history in Manchuria.
Of course this ancient kingdom of Korea does not warrant modern day irredentism. But Chinese should not fear this irredentism to the point that it distorts history for modern day political reasons. Even Chinese historians have called foul to the Northeast Region project. Until recent years China has not claimed Koguryo history.
China’s current political purpose in this claim to Korean history isn’t specifically aimed at Korea but is just an extension to its overall strategy.
As much as Japan claims Dokdo not because it really wants it or believes it can get it but as a part of its strategy to reclaim its Northern territories, China is claiming this regions history to strengthen or not weaken its claim in the other disputed regions.
China’s current theory is that if it happened on Chinese territory now governed by the PRC it is Chinese history. Thus Ghenghis Khan was claimed as a Chinese hero which led to alot of furrowed brows in Mongolia.
China really wants to retain hold on its disputed far flung regions such as Tibet, Xinjiang and even Inner Mongolia. The Dongbei region isn’t a worry for China for separatism nor irredentism but simply fits along its overall strategy of securing its borders.
If both sides can be pragmatic about it there should be no problems. As long as the PRC does not make this an official government position nor parades it to much and if the ROK understands that this is a desperate act on the PRCs side to retain its territorial integrity.
The happenings in Kosovo and other recent separatism are watched closely by China and the PRC fears exactly what has been going on around the world these days.
Conflict between the right to self determination and territorial integrity.
John Chan
@PeterDownUnder,
I didn’t realize Aussies are developing theory for China to define the scope of Chinese history for the Chinese. Such hubris attitude must be a common phenomenon in the Westpac nations and its lackeys, no wonder all them are telling what China’s territory should be shamelessly and interfering China’s as well other nations’ affairs to no end; bombing and killing are the common practice if other nation object their uninvited meddling.
Chinese history involves wherever Chinese have been, regardless those places are currently under China’s control or not. All the land China lost during the era of unequal treaties should be return to China too in the eyes of Chinese.
If your theory holds, then Australia’s current theory is that if it happened on Australia now governed by the non-native Australians it is merely a history of squatters. Squatters should leave Australia and return the land to its rightful owner, the natives.
Henry003
North east project is not a political ploy by CCP tp legitimized their hold on Manchurain. It is attempt to clarify and describe the historical record of Dongbei.
To claim that Dongbei is not Chinese is nothing but revisionist history.
Dongbei with the bird totem(Phoenix) and Huaxia with dragon totem is personification of Chinese nation
Dongbei was first conquered by China during the Qin dynasty. Later follow on dynasty as Wei,Yan, Han Dongbei claim Dongbei as part of territory. Just like the flow and ebb of History.Chinese control over Dongbei is receded and reclaimed over the centuries
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balhae
I stand on my statement. Korean nationalist claim that Balhae or Bohai is a korean kingdom is not true. There is no Balhae historical account, since most of them were destroyed during Khitan invasion.
Both Silla and Koryeo historical record doesn’t mention Balhae as Korean kingdom.
Even Samkuk Sagi doesn’t consider Balhae as Korean kingdom.
The narrative that Balhae is Korean kingdom surfaces in the 18th century after the Qing and Joseon dynasty sign a treaty and confirm Yalu as the boundary between 2 Nations,Most Korean nationalist bemoan the so called lost of the territory based on Korean ethnic on both side of Yalu river
Jang Ji-yeon (1762–1836), journalist, writer of nationalist tracts, and organizer of nationalist societies, published numerous articles arguing that had the Joseon officials considered Balhae part of their territory,
Chinese historians insist Balhae to be composed of the Balhae ethnic group, which was mostly based on the Mohe. Historically, the Jurchens (later renamed the Jin,Manchus), considered themselves as sharing ancestry with the Mohe. According to the Book of Jin (金史), the history of the Jurchen Jin Dynasty, the Jurchens proclaimed “The Jurchens and Balhae are from the same family”. (女直渤海本同一家)[16
Going back to Goguryeo as a Korean kingdom is again a fiction and concoction of Kim Busik in order to flatter the Goryeo dynasty founder who is coming from merchant class and need to legitimized their hold on power by grafting his dynasty with koguryo.
The population of Koguryeo is Tungustic race a common race in north east china . Korean come from Koryeo,Silla which again come from the federation of Sam Han a Jimaek people(proto Korean)
No how can they claim that Koryeo is successor of Koguryeo when there is 300 years of gap between Koryeo and Koguryeo
They Korean nationalist has problem here. How to reconcile this 300 years of gap and their solution is to claim Balhae as Korean kingdom. Aided and abetted by western historian and academic who sympathized with the concept national independence and freedom Most of them hate China anyway.
The only written source about Koguryeo is from Chinese side and there is no mention of thousand of refugee founded the Balhae kingdom.
Tang was so embittered by the killing of half million of their countrymen by the Koguryeo. That when they finally destroyed Koguryeo, the exhumed the grave of every Koguryeo including Ulchi Mundok and burned the corpses. And swore that Koguryeo should never rise again. It unlikely that they allow refugee to found a new kingdom
John Chan
@Jenny Park,
Didn’t you feel that you were slandering Koreans too as you slandering Chinese, because S.Koreans were dirt poor even in the early 1980s; you bad mouth Chinese because they became a little richer and stronger, but is it exactly what the S.Korean are behaving, very cocky, even worse, SK is an occupied nation, it survived under the protection of a Whiteman, while China is an independent nation fighting against imperial aggression. There is simply no comparison the effort they put in to protect their national integrity between China and SK.
Korea was part of China for a while and administrated by China as prefectures, are you saying that China should not let Korea be a separate nation? China helped Vietnam to unite and became an independent nation with great costs, Vietnam turns its gun around to against China since its unification, can you give me a reason why should China repeat the same mistake again to help Koreas united?
S,Koreans pick up all the Japanese bad habits, they are very abusive; there were so many horror stories about the Korean employers in China. Indeed CCP should kick out the Korean DIF to save the Chinese workers’ suffering in the Koreans’ hand.
I am surprised that you side with Japanese. It seems you have forgotten how Japanese treated Koreans like dirt. If this the history you learnt from Korean school, I wonder if there is any truth left in Korean history books.
Lastly, don’t you think the Asians should work together to show the world how great Asians can be, instead of fighting against each other for the Whiteman’s benefits?
Jenny Park
Instead of convincing me with reasons and facts, you were just spewing out lies after lies and empty boasts of how great China is. So tell me what I said above about China is wrong? Here is what your China is great about:
First off, China under CCP rulers is a dirty place to live. People are brainwashed morally corrupted. Money is worshiped above anything else. The CCP rulers are indeed little emperors. Chinese people in general have no basic human rights. Tibetans, Xingjian local people and Mongolians are even worse in their own lands.
Secondly, China under CCP is a big bad bully toward its neighbors. Even, the fellow communist country, Vietnam turned its gun against its bad comrade in the North. I am sure once the North Korea would do the same when it has a chance. “The help” China offered only for its advantages to keep them as a buffer zone. NKorea and Vietnam knew this well.
Finally, we live in 21th century, don’t we? As long as China doesn’t respect any established international norms and rules, there will not be a peaceful and harmonious Asia. What we are seeing on recent developments, China is bent on the imperial path of the Japanese in the last century shouting for the return of “imaginary lost territories”. I am afraid that Americans have to stay in Asia-Pacific to keep the greedy China in check for years to come.
John Chan
@Jenny Park,
You are merely laying out bigotry statements to vent your personal unbalance emotion. There is not a single word of truth in your comment. On the other hand if you replace China with S. Korea in your statements, they fit the description of S. Korea perfectly, i.e.
1. SK is a dirty place to live, People are brainwashed morally corrupted. Money and cosmetic appearance are worshiped above anything. Koreans in general have no basic human rights under the occupation of a westerner.
2. SK under the instruction of it westerner master to harass its northern kin. All SK male and female rather spend money on cosmetic surgery instead of giving the money to relieve the hunger of their northern kin.
3. SK is bent on the imperial path of their ex-master Japanese, and waged war to attack their independent minded northern kin who refused to live under the foreign occupation.
Indeed the American has to stay in SK and Japan for a long long time to keep these two nations in tight leash.
Papa John
@john chan,
Oh boy, I can see you are losing your debate against a Korean lady. Everyone, who has a right mind, can see that your counter-comment s don’t have an iota of truth in there. If the living conditions in SKorea is so bad as you said, then why tons of mainland Chinese got caught sneaking illegally in Skorea and Japan in a large number every year? This one alone could tell you are merely a big liar.
gonsgon
Confucius wanted to retire in ancient Korea, huge part of the mainland had been Korean territory, futuristic United Korea might re-claim the forgotten land. What happened to Xuiahn,Shanghai,Peking district, many Koreans live there for thousands of years, Korean ancestors have found acupuncture, Taoism, tons of healing herbs, Chinese calendar, weiqi,go,baduk game, from the farmland, what happened to near Beijing, named “Korean castle”,surrounded Beijing, which menas, ruled by ancient Korea, but China did clean up anything smell Korea, changed the name of castle, rewrote history as Manchu.. Ching is manchu, closer to Korean,Mongol,not Han .. why China covers, hide so much of Korean history, the whole world find out soon or later~